The is-ought distinction assumes normative and descriptive statements occupy separate logical categories, but this categorical separation itself is philosophically controversial and unproven.

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Descriptive statements(as contrasted with normative statements): Claims that describe what *actually is* true about the world—just the facts, without any judgment about whether something is good or bad.
Logical categories(what critics say Mulla Sadra wrongly mixed with ontological categories): Ways of grouping and organizing ideas based on how we think and reason about them, rather than based on what actually exists in reality.
Normative statements(Deweyan naturalist interpretation): Statements to be interpreted as claims regarding what would be desired by persons who understood the nature of their desires and knew the consequences of their desires
categorical separation(describing how Stoic philosophers and Donatus both organized concepts into clear divisions): The practice of dividing things into distinct, non-overlapping groups or types based on their essential differences.

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