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    The Mimamsa and Nyaya schools held that a valid perceptua... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Cognition occurs only when consciously attending to a given object, not merely when object, sense faculty, and consciousness are co-present.

    The Mimamsa and Nyaya schools held that a valid perceptual episode (pratyaksha) arises from contact between sense organ and object prior to and independent of voluntary attentional direction.

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    Key Terms

    Contact (between sense organ and object)(as a requirement for perception)
    The direct physical connection or interaction between your senses and something in the world—for example, light hitting your eye or a surface touching your skin.
    Mimamsa(as a philosophical school)
    One of the six major schools of ancient Indian philosophy that focused on interpreting sacred texts and understanding how knowledge works.
    Nyaya(as a philosophical school)
    Another major school of ancient Indian philosophy that emphasized logic, reasoning, and how we know things are true.
    Perceptual episode(philosophy of mind and epistemology)
    A single moment or instance of perceiving something through your senses—like the experience of seeing a sunset for a few minutes.
    Pratyaksha

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    (as a type of knowledge)
    The Sanskrit word for perception or direct sensory experience—basically, what you learn by seeing, hearing, or touching something yourself.
    Prior to and independent of voluntary attentional direction(as a description of how perception works)
    Happening before and without needing you to deliberately choose to pay attention to something; in other words, perception occurs naturally without you having to decide to focus.
    Sense organ(as another possible source of perceptual errors)
    A physical part of your body designed for sensing—like your eyes, ears, nose, tongue, or skin.

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    Consciousness & Mind1 linkedPerception1 linked

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    Cognition occurs only when consciously attending to a given object, not merely w...

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