- Ambiguous (modal-epistemically)(in philosophical logic)
- Unclear or having multiple possible meanings when it comes to both what is necessary/possible and what we can actually know about it.
- Epistemically(as how you should evaluate your own beliefs)
- In a way that relates to knowledge—meaning you understand something based on actual information or justified reasons, not just guessing.
- Genuine natural numbers(in mathematical philosophy)
- The 'real' or standard set of counting numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, ...) that mathematicians refer to in the real world, as opposed to numbers that only exist within a particular mathematical system.
- M (in formal logic)(in mathematical logic)
- A mathematical model or system—basically a set of rules and objects that logicians study to test whether certain claims are true within that system.
- Polynomial-time functions(in mathematics and computer science)
- Mathematical functions that can be computed relatively quickly by a computer, where the time needed grows at a reasonable rate as the input size increases.
- Total (in mathematics)(in mathematical logic)
- A function is 'total' if it can produce an answer for every possible input. If it's not total, there are some inputs where it doesn't work or gives no answer.
- axioms(Stumpf, 1891)
- Propositions that we assume to be true and necessary, originating in the content of judgments.
- modal(in logic and metaphysics)
- Dealing with possibility and necessity—questions about what could be true, what must be true, and what's merely contingent (could go either way).