The pro tanto framework presupposes a commensurable scale on which harms and regulatory costs can be compared, but incommensurable values resist such aggregation (Raz, 'The Morality of Freedom').

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Incommensurable values(as used in ethics): Values or principles that cannot be fairly compared or reduced to a single scale—like comparing the worth of human life to economic profit, where they seem to operate on completely different levels.
Joseph Raz(as the originator of the interest theory being discussed): A contemporary philosopher known for developing theories about rights, freedom, and how individuals' well-being matters in ethics and politics.
The Morality of Freedom(as the source being cited): A major book by philosopher Joseph Raz that explores what makes actions right or wrong, with a focus on how freedom and individual choice matter morally.
aggregation(Used by utilitarians to justify saving the greater number; rejected by contractualism): The moral practice of summing individual harms or deaths across persons to determine which outcome is worse overall

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