While their stance towards operationalism and conventionalism is largely critical, realists are more charitable in their assessment of mathematical theories of measurement. Brent Mundy (1987) and Chris Swoyer (1987) both accept the axiomatic treatment of measurement scales, but object to the empiricist interpretation given to the axioms by prominent measurement theorists like Campbell (1920) and Ernest Nagel (1931; Cohen and Nagel 1934: Ch. 15). Rather than interpreting the axioms as pertaining