The final pair of topics concern the world (cosmology) and God (natural theology). Regarding the former, Wolff identifies the world as the “series of changeable things that are next to one another and follow one upon the other” (GM §544 [2019: 120]). As such, the world is a composite consisting of ultimately simple substances, though Wolff declines to identify them as Leibnizian monads as he hesitates to ascribe representational states to the constituents (“elements”) of matter (GM §§598–9). Thi