There is considerable controversy about whether physical realizations of quantum models can be made sufficiently robust to reliably solve instances beyond classical hardware

It is thus also reasonable to ask how we might modify the definition of \(\mathfrak{N}\) so as to obtain a characterization of probabilistic algorithms which we might usefully employ. [33] This class can be most readily defined relative to a model of computation known as the probabilistic Turing machine \(\mathfrak{C}\). Such a device \(C\) has access to a random number generator which produces a new bit at each step in its computation but is otherwise like a conventional Turing machine. The act