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Inverse View
It is not the case that Therefore virtues are instrumentally contingent, not intrinsically good, contra the rationalist perfectionist claim.
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Reasons For
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Reason for
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1.
We value virtues even when they produce no external benefit—the courageous person exemplifies excellence regardless of outcome.
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2.
Instrumental goods require further justification via their consequences; virtues seem self-justifying, indicating intrinsic worth.
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3.
Contingency claims prove too much: if virtues are only instrumentally good, what makes human flourishing itself intrinsically valuable?
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Virtues like courage and honesty produce desired outcomes; without beneficial consequences, they lack justification.
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2.
The same virtue (e.g., honesty) can harm in some contexts, suggesting instrumental value depends on contingent circumstances.
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3.
If virtues were intrinsically good, we couldn't rationally explain why vicious people often flourish materially.
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