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    These formal constraints generate substantive universal n... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→There are no universal rational norms that bind all rational agents

    These formal constraints generate substantive universal norms: an agent cannot rationally will a maxim whose universal adoption undermines the conditions of rational agency itself (Kant, Groundwork).

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    Key Terms

    Formal constraints(describing limitations within syllogistic logic)
    Strict, built-in rules that determine what is and isn't allowed in a logical system, like the rules of a game that everyone must follow.
    Groundwork(history of philosophy)
    Kant's short but famous 1785 book where he explains his theory of morality and argues that all moral duties come from reason.
    Kant(as used in epistemology and metaphysics)
    Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was an influential German philosopher who argued that our minds shape how we experience reality, and that we can only truly know things as they appear to us, not as they are in themselves.
    Rationally will(what an agent cannot do with certain maxims)
    To consciously choose or endorse something based on logic and reasoning, not just emotion or habit.

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    Substantive universal norms(what the formal constraints produce)
    Real, concrete moral rules that apply to all people everywhere, not just in theory but with actual content and meaning.
    maxim(Kant's formulation of the categorical imperative)
    The prescription of an action together with the reason for it
    rational agency(Kantian account of autonomy)
    A mode of operation that can only function by seeking to be the first cause of its actions.

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedMoral Responsibility1 linked

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    There are no universal rational norms that bind all rational agents

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