Thomas Sowell's empirical work shows that group economic disparities routinely predate discriminatory policies or persist identically in groups that faced no legal discrimination, weakening the causal inference in P2.

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Empirical work(describing Sowell's research methods): Research based on real-world data and observations rather than just ideas or theories—basically, studying what actually happened in the world.
Group economic disparities(what the statement is analyzing): Differences in wealth, income, or financial success between different groups of people.
P2(Provides the truth conditions for proposition (7), identified as proposition (7): George Bush does not exist.): The principle that proposition (7) is true if and only if George Bush does not exist — a modalized instance of the Tarski truth-schema 's is true iff s'.
Thomas Sowell(The statement references his empirical work and findings): An American economist and social theorist known for studying how economies and societies actually work through data and evidence, often challenging popular explanations for why groups have different outcomes.

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