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    Trains, unlike numbers or directions, admit of physical d... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Trains, under the simple account using abstraction principles, are abstract entities rather than concrete physical objects.

    Trains, unlike numbers or directions, admit of physical destruction, occupy determinate regions of spacetime, and exert gravitational force, which are criteria Kit Fine and Michael Dummett treat as definitive of concreteness regardless of definitional method.

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    Key Terms

    Criterion (criteria, plural)(referring to the standards Fine and Dummett use to define concreteness)
    A standard or test used to judge or identify whether something belongs to a category—in this case, tests for deciding if something is physically real.
    Gravitational force(as a criterion used to identify what is physically real)
    The invisible pull that massive objects have on each other—the reason things fall down and planets orbit the sun; a sign that something is real and physical.
    Kit Fine(as a philosopher referenced for his views on concreteness)
    A contemporary philosopher who studies metaphysics (the nature of reality) and has written extensively about what makes something real or concrete versus abstract.
    Michael Dummett(as a philosopher referenced for his views on concreteness)
    A 20th-century British philosopher known for work on logic, language, and metaphysics, including theories about what kinds of things exist in the physical world.

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    Spacetime(as one criterion for whether something is physically real)
    A physics concept combining space (location) and time into one continuous system—basically, every physical object exists somewhere at some moment in time.
    abstract(in Zalta's definition, contrasted with primitivism)
    Not merely the negation of being concrete; rather, abstract objects are those that could not possibly be concrete (e.g., numbers, sets)
    concreteness(Invoked to explain the intuition of contingent existence: an object necessarily exists but may fail to be concrete in some worlds, which we interpret as non-existence.)
    A contingent property that an object may or may not have across possible worlds, on the Linsky-Zalta view.

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    Trains, under the simple account using abstraction principles, are abstract enti...

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