- Conflates(in argumentation and logic)
- Treats two different things as if they're the same thing, or mixes them up in a way that causes confusion.
- Indexical logic(as used in logic and philosophy of language)
- The study of words like 'I,' 'here,' 'now,' and 'today' that change their meaning depending on who's speaking, where they are, or when they're speaking—called 'indexicals' because their meaning points to or depends on context.
- Kant(as used in epistemology and metaphysics)
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was an influential German philosopher who argued that our minds shape how we experience reality, and that we can only truly know things as they appear to us, not as they are in themselves.
- Kripke
- Kripke refers to Saul Kripke, an influential American philosopher and logician known for revolutionizing how we think about names, meaning, and possibility. He argued that names like "Albert Einstein" refer directly to the actual person rather than through descriptions of their properties, which changed philosophy fundamentally. His work also introduced "possible worlds" as a way to understand concepts like necessity and possibility, making him one of the most important philosophers of the 20th century.
- analytic truth(Leibniz's claim that all truths are analytic)
- A truth that holds in virtue of the meaning of the concepts involved.
- necessary truth(Mill's empiricist reinterpretation of modal concepts)
- A proposition whose denial seems inconceivable, explained by Mill not as a metaphysical fact but as a result of psychological association making the proposition deeply ingrained.
- two-dimensional semantics
- A comprehensive theory of how we can evaluate claims about possibility and necessity, used to argue that the conceivability of zombies entails their possibility