Under average utilitarianism, adding persons whose welfare falls below the existing average lowers overall utility, making free contraceptives obligatory when new lives would be born into suffering.

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Utilitarianism(One of Sidgwick's three methods of ethics): The view that an individual self-evidently ought to aim at the maximum balance of happiness for all sentient beings present and future, whatever the cost to herself; also called Universalistic Hedonism
average utilitarianism(Distinguished from total-maximizing utilitarianism; relevant to population-change cases.): The view that the best consequences are those that produce the highest average utility per person, rather than the greatest total utility.
utility(Mill's qualification distinguishing his conception of utility from narrower hedonistic or preference-based interpretations.): Utility in the largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being — not mere immediate pleasure or preference satisfaction.
welfare(Critique of Stein's strict health-welfare correlation): A subjective notion of well-being that is affected by multiple domains, not health alone.

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