Wang (1952) and Oberschelp (1962) demonstrate that many-sorted logic captures distinctions between sort domains that require additional axioms or expanded signatures in single-sorted FOL to replicate.

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Expanded signatures(as another way to replicate what many-sorted logic does naturally): Adding more symbols, notation, or rules to a logical system to make it capable of expressing distinctions that it couldn't before.
Single-sorted FOL(as the alternative system being compared): FOL stands for 'First-Order Logic'—a standard system of logic that treats all objects the same way rather than sorting them into different categories.
Sort domains(as what many-sorted logic captures): The different categories or groups that objects belong to in many-sorted logic, like having one domain for 'people' and another for 'colors'.
Wang (1952) and Oberschelp (1962)(as examples of philosophers/mathematicians being cited): References to two logicians and the years they published important work; Wang Hao was a Chinese-American mathematician and Azriel Oberschelp was a German logician who both made contributions to the study of logical systems.

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