Warren Quinn's 1989 analysis demonstrates that harmful use of persons as means involves a distinctive form of agency that treats victims as complicit tools, which side-effect harms do not.

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Agency (in philosophy)(as describing how a harmful person is deliberately acting): The capacity of a person to act intentionally and make choices; or the way someone is acting or causing something to happen.
Side-effect harms(as a contrast to deliberately using someone as a means): Harmful consequences that happen as an unintended byproduct of your actions, rather than as your main goal.
Using persons as means(as a key concept in ethics about how we should treat people): Treating someone as a tool to achieve your own goals rather than respecting them as a person with their own goals and dignity.
Warren Quinn(the philosopher being referenced): A 20th-century American philosopher who wrote influential work on ethics, particularly on the moral difference between actively harming someone versus passively allowing harm to happen.

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