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Inverse View
It is not the case that What appears voluntary may reflect severely compromised rational agency, making the consent condition in P1 empirically defeasible in most actual cases.
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Reasons For
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Reason for
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1.
Perfect rationality is not the standard for valid consent; procedural conditions like comprehension and non-coercion can be satisfied despite cognitive limits.
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2.
Claiming most consent is empirically defeasible conflates inability to meet ideal standards with actual inability to exercise meaningful agency in practice.
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3.
If the claim holds universally, it paralyzes moral judgment since we must sometimes treat compromised agents' choices as binding to respect their autonomy.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Empirical psychology shows cognitive biases, social pressure, and informational asymmetries systematically distort decision-making in most contexts.
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2.
Rational agency requires understanding consequences and acting on stable preferences; most people lack full information or self-knowledge about either.
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3.
If consent requires uncompromised rationality but actual humans rarely achieve it, the consent condition becomes practically vacuous unless empirically grounded.
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