- Inferences(The logical connections between steps in an argument)
- Logical steps where you conclude something new based on what you already know—like saying 'all dogs bark, Fido is a dog, therefore Fido barks.'
- Logicians(as used in philosophy of logic)
- People who study logic—the rules and methods for figuring out whether arguments and conclusions make sense and follow good reasoning.
- Obscure logical form(as used in logic)
- A way of structuring an argument that is hard to understand or unclear, making it difficult to see whether the reasoning is actually sound.
- Sophismatic context(as used in logic and philosophy)
- A situation involving tricky, puzzling, or deliberately confusing arguments—often ones that look correct on the surface but contain hidden errors or ambiguities.
- Systematically disagree(as used in epistemology and philosophy of logic)
- When experts have fundamental, organized disagreements that follow a pattern, rather than just occasional or random differences of opinion.
- The rules themselves(as used in philosophy of logic)
- The foundational principles and logical laws being debated, rather than just how those rules are applied to specific cases.
- Valid (in logic)(Whether the logical steps actually work)
- When the reasoning in an argument follows the rules of logic correctly, so if the starting points are true, the conclusion must be true.