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    Wierenga's and Zagzebski's accounts of divine knowledge t... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Parallel replies to the objection from present-time knowledge and the objection from first-person knowledge are not surprising.

    Wierenga's and Zagzebski's accounts of divine knowledge treat the 'I' in self-knowledge as analogous to a temporal indexical, but this conflates token-reflexive and essential indexical expressions.

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    Key Terms

    Conflates(in argumentation and logic)
    Treats two different things as if they're the same thing, or mixes them up in a way that causes confusion.
    Divine knowledge(as the main topic being discussed)
    The philosophical question of how God knows things—particularly whether God knows the future, knows everything at once, or knows things the way humans do.
    Essential indexical(Perry's key argument)
    An indexical is a word like 'I,' 'here,' or 'now' that changes meaning depending on who says it; Perry argues these words are 'essential' because they can't be replaced with objective descriptions while keeping the same meaning.
    Temporal indexical(as a specific kind of indexical related to time)
    Words that refer to specific times and change meaning based on when they're used, like 'now,' 'today,' or 'yesterday.'

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    Token-reflexive(as a technical category of language being distinguished from other types)
    A linguistic term describing expressions that refer back to themselves or their specific instance of use—like how 'this sentence' picks out the sentence you're reading right now.
    Wierenga(as a philosopher referenced in discussions of divine knowledge)
    William Wierenga is a philosopher who has written about how God knows things, particularly exploring what it means for God to have knowledge of himself.
    Zagzebski(as a philosopher whose argument is being discussed)
    Linda Zagzebski is a contemporary philosopher who studies knowledge and how we acquire true beliefs; she's known for arguing that what makes knowledge valuable is different from what makes mere true beliefs valuable.
    indexical(Used to explain how 'the second-largest city in the United States' can refer to Chicago when embedded under a past-tense temporal operator)
    An expression whose reference depends on the context of utterance
    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.
    self-knowledge(Presented as the sole means to mokṣa, contrasted with ritual action or meditative practice aimed at gaining brahman.)
    A radical epistemic shift by which one simultaneously sheds limited self-identities and directly recognizes one's existence as nondual consciousness.

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    Divine Attributes1 linked

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    Parallel replies to the objection from present-time knowledge and the objection ...

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