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    Wilfrid Sellars argued in 'Empiricism and the Philosophy ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Immediate judgments cannot be false and must therefore be certain

    Wilfrid Sellars argued in 'Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind' that all epistemic justification is inferential, making the category of genuinely non-inferential 'immediate' judgment incoherent.

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    Key Terms

    Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind(as a historical reference)
    A famous 1956 essay by Sellars challenging the traditional view that sense experience alone can justify our beliefs about the world.
    Epistemology / Epistemic(as in 'epistemic justification')
    The study of knowledge—what it is, how we get it, and what makes something count as true knowledge rather than just guessing.
    Incoherent(describing whether moral responsibility can exist)
    Logically impossible or contradictory; something that cannot make sense or cannot exist at the same time as something else.
    Justification (in philosophy)(as in 'epistemic justification')
    The reasons or evidence that make a belief reasonable to hold; what makes a claim count as knowledge rather than just an opinion.
    Non-inferential (or immediate judgment)

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    (as opposed to inferential knowledge)
    A belief or judgment that doesn't depend on reasoning—something you know directly without having to think through reasons, like seeing a red apple.
    Wilfrid Sellars(The philosopher whose critique is being discussed)
    A 20th-century American philosopher who made important arguments about how we know things and how language connects to reality.
    inferential(describing the reasoning process used in philosophy)
    Related to inference—the process of drawing conclusions based on evidence or reasons rather than direct observation.

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedSkepticism1 linked

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    Immediate judgments cannot be false and must therefore be certain

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