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    Williams himself acknowledged that sound deliberative pro... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Extensional counterexamples involving unusual desires (eating mud, counting grass, turning on radios) do not refute internalism about practical reasons

    Williams himself acknowledged that sound deliberative procedures should filter out certain desires, implying internalism requires normative constraints that undermine its purely motivational basis.

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    Key Terms

    Deliberative procedures(procedures that filter desires)
    The process of carefully thinking through and weighing different options before making a decision.
    Internalism(Moral psychology; used to characterize the relationship between moral judgment and motivation)
    The view that it is a logical or conceptual truth that some degree of motivation is internal to a moral judgment itself — that making a genuine moral claim entails being motivated to some degree.
    Motivational basis(what drives behavior)
    The underlying reasons or desires that actually push someone to take action.
    Normative constraints(limitations based on moral standards)
    Rules or standards about what we should or ought to do, as opposed to just describing what people actually do.
    Williams

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    # Williams "Williams" is primarily a common English surname derived from the name William, meaning "resolute protector" (from Germanic roots "will" and "helm"). Without additional context, it refers to any person with this last name, though it could also reference a specific notable individual like Robin Williams (acclaimed actor and comedian) or Serena Williams (legendary tennis champion), depending on the situation. The name ranks among the most common surnames in English-speaking countries due to its long historical use.
    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedMoral Responsibility1 linked

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    Extensional counterexamples involving unusual desires (eating mud, counting gras...

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