Williamson's knowledge-first epistemology establishes that knowledge is a factive, non-decomposable mental state, meaning fallible 'knowledge' is simply not knowledge but rather justified true belief or weaker.
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# Williamson
Williamson most commonly refers to Timothy Williamson, a prominent British philosopher known for his work on knowledge, logic, and language. He's influential in contemporary philosophy for arguing that knowledge is more fundamental than belief and that traditional definitions of knowledge may be too restrictive. His ideas have shaped how philosophers think about what it means to know something and how language relates to reality.
epistemology(Contrasted with purely descriptive scientific inquiry)
A normative enterprise that tells us how we ought to reason from evidence and how we ought to justify our beliefs, as distinct from merely describing how we do reason or justify beliefs
factive(Used by Jary 2007 to argue that showing force entails having that force.)
A property of a predicate such that its application entails the truth of its complement; if X shows P, then P is the case.
fallible(Applied to individual, group, and asymptotic group judgments under Possible Underdetermination)
Incorrect with non-zero probability.
knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.