- Aristotle
- Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher who lived over 2,000 years ago and is one of the most influential thinkers in Western history. He studied nearly every subject—from animals and plants to politics and ethics—and developed practical ways of thinking that shaped how people understand the world. His ideas on logic, nature, and how to live a good life are still taught and debated today because he focused on observing the real world rather than just abstract theories.
- Categorial distinctions(as a mere list rather than a unified understanding)
- Differences between basic types or categories of things that exist—like the difference between objects, actions, and qualities.
- First philosophy(Aristotle's Metaphysics Book Γ)
- The most general of the sciences, which studies substance and also addresses the most fundamental principles (common axioms) used in all reasoning
- genus(Aristotle's metaphysical classification scheme in the Metaphysics)
- A kind that must be differentiated by some differentia that falls outside that genus.
- subject matter(Contrasted with Platonic forms to establish a historically situated ontology of artistic content)
- That which transcends individual artworks yet does not exist apart from its historical embodiments; unlike Platonic forms, subject matters mutate and develop through history
- theology(Hobbes 1655, 1.8)
- The doctrine about the nature and attributes of the eternal, ungenerable, and incomprehensible God, in whom no composition and no division can be established and no generation can be understood
- unified science(Neurath's argument that prediction of concrete individual processes requires connecting all kinds of laws, necessitating a unified science.)
- A system comprising all scientific laws — chemical, climatological, sociological, and others — conceived as interconnected parts of a single whole.