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    Without a normative standard external to the system itsel... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Systemic concepts of function do permit attributions of malfunction.

    Without a normative standard external to the system itself, variance from a statistical role is mere difference, not malfunction—Boorse's biostatistical theory illustrates this collapse.

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    Key Terms

    Biostatistical theory(as the main framework being described)
    A philosophical explanation of health and disease based on how organisms typically function in their species, measured through statistical patterns rather than subjective feelings.
    Christopher Boorse(as the originator of the biostatistical theory discussed in the statement)
    A 20th-century philosopher who developed an influential theory about what it means for something to be 'normal' or working properly in living organisms.
    Normative standard(as used in ethics)
    A rule or principle that tells us what *should* be the case, what's right or wrong—not just what *is* the case.
    Statistical role(what we'd expect to see most of the time)
    The normal, average, or typical pattern for how something functions or behaves in a population.

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    malfunction(philosophy of artifacts and functions)
    Failure of an artifact to perform its proper function — failure to do what the artifact is supposed to do
    variance(bias-variance decomposition)
    A measure of how much an estimator's prediction changes across different training datasets; a constant predictor has zero variance.

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    Truth & Knowledge1 linkedCausation1 linked

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    Systemic concepts of function do permit attributions of malfunction.

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