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Without external standards, there's no principled way to ... — Carmelics

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Challenges→The demand for an external ultimate standard conflates the logical structure of justification with the actual deliberative structure of moral reasoning.

Without external standards, there's no principled way to resolve moral disagreements or explain why some deliberative processes yield objective truths while others yield illusions.

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Key Terms

Deliberative processes(as used in decision-making and agency): The thinking and reasoning you do when you're considering different options and deciding what to do.
External standards(as used in philosophy of science): Reference points or measurements from outside a system that you use to check or calibrate something—like using a known distance to calibrate a measuring tool.
Illusions(in perception and epistemology): Experiences where your senses trick you into perceiving something that isn't actually there or is different from reality—like seeing a mirage in the desert or a magic trick.
moral disagreements(in ethics): Situations where people disagree about what's right and wrong, like whether it's okay to lie or steal.
objective truths

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(in philosophy of knowledge)

Facts that are true regardless of what anyone believes—like 'water boils at 100°C'—not just true for one person or group.

principled way(describes reasoning that follows a logical foundation rather than guesswork)

A method or approach that is based on clear, consistent rules or values—not just arbitrary choices.

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