The endorsement of Hamilton’s view might seem perverse—and, in fact, Jones is elsewhere critical of his view (1906, 35–6)—but it is necessary if Jones is to retain the view that significant assertion is, at root, the assertion of an identity. After all, if ‘All humans are mortal’ asserts an identity, then, given that identity is commutative, it entails the apparently nonsensical ‘Mortals are all humans.’ The result is at least intelligible if we suppose that the predicate is also quantified—if,