Without subject terms for properties, one cannot even assert that a property F is identical to itself (F = F)

Standard second-order logic allows for predicate variables bound by quantifiers. Hence, to the extent that these variables are taken to range over properties, this system could be seen as a formal theory of properties. Its expressive power is however limited, since it does not allow for subject terms that stand for properties. Thus, for example, one cannot even say of a property \(F\) that \(F = F\). This is a serious limitation if one wants a formal tool for a realm of properties whose laws one