Wittgenstein's Tractatus and Armstrong's truthmaker theory both demonstrate that atomic facts standing in logical or natural relations can be primitively intelligible without requiring a further grounding in a non-relational Absolute.
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A philosophical book written by Wittgenstein in 1921 that argues reality is made up of simple facts that combine according to logical rules, kind of like how words combine to make sentences.
Truthmaker theory(Armstrong's main philosophical contribution)
A philosophical idea that for any statement to be true, there must be something real in the world that makes it true—like a fact or object that explains why the statement isn't just made up.
Wittgenstein
Ludwig Wittgenstein was an Austrian-British philosopher who fundamentally changed how people think about language and meaning in the 20th century. He argued that many philosophical problems arise from misunderstanding how words actually work in everyday life, rather than from deep metaphysical mysteries. His ideas influenced not just philosophy but also mathematics, logic, and even how people approach psychology and artificial intelligence today.
atomic facts(Ramsey's argument about the subject-predicate distinction)
The fundamental constituents of reality whose nature is at issue in debates about universals and particulars; Ramsey argued logical reflection fails to determine their nature
grounding(Drawn from contemporary metaphysics; proposed as potentially applicable to understanding the foundations of legality.)
A metaphysical relation in which some entities or facts are more foundational than others, providing a hierarchical structure of the world.
logical relations(Davidson's distinction between causal and logical relations)
Relations that obtain between particular descriptions of events, not between the events themselves
natural relations(Hume's epistemology)
Relations among ideas such as causation, established by imagination and custom