Woodward's interventionist framework presupposes modularity: that variables can be intervened on independently, but psychiatric systems exhibit dense reciprocal causation that violates this assumption.

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Dense reciprocal causation(as the specific type of causal structure in psychiatric systems): Multiple interconnected circular cause-and-effect relationships happening throughout a system, making it hard to isolate which change causes what.
Reciprocal causation(as a characteristic of psychiatric systems that contradicts modularity): A situation where A causes B AND B causes A at the same time, creating a circular relationship rather than a one-way cause-and-effect.
Woodward (James Woodward)(as the originator of the interventionist framework being discussed): A philosopher who developed a framework for understanding how causes work by imagining what would happen if we could intervene or change variables in a system.
interventionist framework(the main approach being referenced): A theory of causation that says X causes Y if changing X would change Y—basically, if you could intervene or experiment and flip a switch on X, would Y follow?

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