Xenophanes explicitly critiqued claims to divine knowledge, establishing epistemological humility that Alcmaeon's distinction between divine certainty and human inference directly mirrors.
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The process of humans using reason, observation, and logic to figure things out and reach conclusions, even though our conclusions might be uncertain or incomplete.
Xenophanes(mentioned as someone who mocked Pythagorean ideas)
An ancient Greek philosopher (around 570-475 BCE) who was famous for criticizing and making fun of other philosophers' ideas, including those of Pythagoras.
epistemology(Contrasted with purely descriptive scientific inquiry)
A normative enterprise that tells us how we ought to reason from evidence and how we ought to justify our beliefs, as distinct from merely describing how we do reason or justify beliefs
knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.