- Binary strings(the format that objects are being converted into)
- Sequences made up of only 1s and 0s, which is how computers represent all data and information.
- Cook and Nguyen(cited as offering a counterpoint to Zambella's view)
- Two prominent logicians and computer scientists who study how mathematical proofs work and how hard they are to verify computationally.
- Encoding-sensitive(the key disagreement: whether Σ^B_1-definability changes depending on your encoding choice)
- The idea that whether something is true or can be defined depends on *how* you choose to represent or convert it into another form—not just on the underlying reality.
- Proof complexity(as a field of study in mathematics and computer science)
- The study of how long and complicated logical proofs need to be to prove something true; basically, how hard is it to convince someone that something is correct?
- Zambella(mentioned as having a particular theoretical position being critiqued)
- A philosopher or logician whose work on how we represent mathematical objects has been influential in discussions about proof complexity and computational theory.
- encoding(Contrasted with exemplification; characterized as 'internal' predication. E.g., the winged horse encodes the property winged without exemplifying it.)
- The mode of predication attributed to non-existent objects, by which such objects bear a property without instantiating it in the ordinary sense.
- knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
- Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.
- Σ^B_1-definability(the specific property being discussed as encoding-sensitive)
- A technical concept from logic describing a specific level of complexity in how mathematical objects and properties can be formally defined using certain logical rules.