Zhu Xi explicitly rejected purely mechanical causation, instead modeling change as emerging from dynamic equilibration of forces—conceptually aligned with field theory and relational mechanics.

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Dynamic equilibration(how Zhu Xi believed change actually happens): A state where opposing forces or energies are constantly balancing each other out, creating change and motion rather than stillness.
Field theory(as used in physics): A way of explaining how forces work by imagining that space is filled with invisible forces that affect particles, rather than particles directly pushing each other.
Relational mechanics(as Mach's alternative framework): A theory of motion that says things only move or have forces relative to other things around them, not relative to some invisible, fixed background space.
Zhu Xi(as the philosopher whose ideas are being discussed): A Chinese philosopher from the 1100s who developed a major system of thought about how the world works, focusing on the idea that everything has an underlying pattern or principle (called li) that connects all things together.

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