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    A reason grounded in what sound deliberation would yield ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Williams' view is an Actual State internalism, not a Counterfactual Motivation internalism

    A reason grounded in what sound deliberation would yield is structurally counterfactual, since it invokes hypothetical rather than occurrent motivational states.

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    Reasons For

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    • 1.Sound deliberation describes idealized reasoning conditions that actual agents rarely meet, making it inherently counterfactual.
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    • 2.A reason's normative force depends on what rational agents would endorse, not what they actually do endorse.
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    • 3.Grounding reasons in hypothetical states avoids relativizing normativity to contingent psychological facts.
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    Reasons Against

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    • 1.Sound deliberation itself requires actual motivational dispositions; it's not purely hypothetical but counterfactually dependent.
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    • 2.Reasons can ground in occurrent states (desires, beliefs) without requiring counterfactuals; normativity doesn't demand idealization.
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    • 3.The counterfactual structure may be epistemically useful but doesn't establish that reasons are themselves fundamentally counterfactual.
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    Philosophy of Language1 linkedMoral Responsibility1 linked

    Related

    A reason's normative force depends on what rational agents would endorse, not wh...Grounding reasons in hypothetical states avoids relativizing normativity to cont...Reasons can ground in occurrent states (desires, beliefs) without requiring coun...Sound deliberation describes idealized reasoning conditions that actual agents r...
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    Sound deliberation itself requires actual motivational dispositions; it's not pu...The counterfactual structure may be epistemically useful but doesn't establish t...Williams' view is an Actual State internalism, not a Counterfactual Motivation i...

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