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    A slave with a negligent master scores highly on probabil... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Republican policies are best defended empirically on the basis of the standard negative ideal of freedom, rather than on the basis of a conceptual challenge to that ideal.

    A slave with a negligent master scores highly on probabilistic negative freedom yet remains paradigmatically unfree under any republican analysis, exposing a conceptual gap that empirical adjustment cannot close.

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    Key Terms

    Conceptual gap(as what Moore claims exists between goodness and natural properties)
    A difference in meaning between two ideas that shows they can't be the same thing. For example, 'nutritious' and 'tastes good' are different concepts even though they might describe the same food.
    Empirical adjustment(as used in philosophy of science and logic)
    Trying to fix a theoretical problem by tweaking definitions or adding new facts based on real-world observations, rather than rethinking the core idea.
    Paradigmatically unfree(as used in political philosophy)
    A perfect example or textbook case of being unfree—the kind of situation everyone would agree shows a lack of freedom.
    Probabilistic negative freedom(as used in political philosophy)
    The idea that you're 'free' if there's a low statistical chance that someone will stop you from doing what you want—even if they could easily do so.

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    Republican analysis(as used in political philosophy)
    A philosophical approach (associated with thinkers like Philip Pettit) that says you're only truly free when you're not subject to anyone else's arbitrary power, even if they don't actually interfere with you.
    negative freedom(Political philosophy; contrasted implicitly with positive conceptions of freedom)
    A conception of freedom that concentrates on the external sphere in which individuals interact, understood as a domain of sovereign action within which individuals may pursue their own projects, limited only by an obligation to respect the equivalent domains of others.

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    Democracy & Governance1 linkedRights & Liberty1 linked

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    Republican policies are best defended empirically on the basis of the standard n...

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