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    A theory that makes prāmāṇya intrinsic but aprāmāṇya extr... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→All pramāṇas possess the property of being pramāṇas intrinsically (svataḥ prāmāṇya).

    A theory that makes prāmāṇya intrinsic but aprāmāṇya extrinsic is asymmetric in a way that privileges confirmation over falsification without principled justification, rendering the account epistemically self-serving rather than truth-conducive.

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    Key Terms

    Extrinsic(whether the artist's intentions are separate from the work itself)
    Coming from outside something; not part of its core nature or identity.
    Intrinsic(describing the kind of continuities that ground identity)
    Something that belongs to or is part of something by its very nature, rather than coming from outside or being relational.
    aprāmāṇya(as used in epistemology)
    A Sanskrit term meaning 'invalidity' or 'unreliability'—the opposite of prāmāṇya, referring to beliefs or sources that fail to give us accurate knowledge.
    asymmetric(as used in logic and epistemology)
    When two things are treated differently or unequally, rather than being balanced or fair—like giving one side of an argument more weight than the other.
    confirmation

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    (Christensen 1999: 441; general epistemological usage)
    The epistemic relationship in which current confidence in proposition E helps make rational one's current confidence in hypothesis H
    epistemically self-serving(as used in epistemology)
    A way of organizing your thinking that favors the conclusions you want to reach, rather than honestly following the evidence wherever it leads.
    falsification(Deductive logic applied to scientific hypothesis testing)
    The logical refutation of a hypothesis h_i by evidence, occurring when b·c·e jointly entail ~h_i, derived via modus tollens from h_i·b·c ⊨ ~e and the observation of e
    prāmāṇya(as used in epistemology)
    A Sanskrit term from Indian philosophy meaning 'validity' or 'reliability'—the quality that makes a belief or source of knowledge trustworthy and able to tell us truth.
    truth-conducive(as used in epistemology)
    A method or approach that actually helps you discover what's true, rather than just letting you believe whatever is convenient.

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    All pramāṇas possess the property of being pramāṇas intrinsically (svataḥ prāmāṇ...

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