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    Carmelics

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    LoyalLoyalJusticeJustice
    Made withinDC&Austin
    Statements
    321,452
    Perspectives
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    42
    Home/Original/inverse
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    Inverse View

    It is not the case that All philosopher-variants of 'Every German philosopher is European' are true, provided their subject idea is non-empty.

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    Reasons For

    2 perspectives
    Reason for 1 of 2
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    • 1.Bolzano's variation method presupposes a fixed universe of ideas, but some substitutions for [philosopher] may yield analytically false propositions regardless of non-emptiness.
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    • 2.The proposition 'Every German non-European philosopher is European' has a non-empty subject idea if we admit possible worlds, yet is necessarily false under its own predication.
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    • 3.Therefore, non-emptiness of the subject idea is insufficient to guarantee truth across all philosopher-variants when the substituted idea is internally contradictory with the predicate.
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    Reason for 2 of 2
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    • 1.Quine's critique of analyticity undermines the sharp distinction between logical truth and empirical content that Bolzano's variation method relies upon.
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    • 2.If 'European' and 'German' are not analytically related, then variants substituting geographically unrestricted concepts of philosopher could yield contingently false propositions.
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    • 3.Bolzano's claim thus conflates logical form with substantive geographical-historical content, making the purported universal truth of variants an artifact of a particular conceptual scheme rather than a logical necessity.
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    Reasons Against

    1 perspective
    Reason against
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    • 1.Varying only the [philosopher] idea in 'Every German philosopher is European' preserves the truth of the proposition across all substitutions.
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    • 2.A proposition's variants are only candidates for truth if their subject idea is non-empty.
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