Allen Buchanan's work demonstrates that ascriptivist frameworks generate recursive minority problems: every new state contains minorities who can invoke the same principle, producing cascading fragmentation and violence.

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Allen Buchanan(as a philosopher who studies international institutions): An American philosopher and ethicist who specializes in international relations, global justice, and the legitimacy of institutions like the United Nations.
Ascriptivist frameworks(as a political philosophy approach to justifying statehood): Theories that say a group has the right to its own state based on some unchangeable characteristic they're born with or assigned (like ethnicity, religion, or culture).
Cascading fragmentation(describing the escalating division of states into smaller and smaller units): A situation where one thing breaks apart, and then those pieces break apart further, and those pieces break apart again, like a chain reaction.
Minority problems(as the core political issue being discussed): The challenge that arises when a group that's outnumbered within a larger state wants independence or self-rule, and asks: what gives them the right?

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