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Inverse View
It is not the case that An end must be intrinsically and universally motivating; virtue fails this criterion since it is pursued only when pleasant consequences are anticipated.
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Reasons For
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1.
The motivation to act virtuously can be intrinsic (valuing honesty itself) even when virtuous acts produce pleasant consequences; these are not mutually exclusive.
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2.
Universal motivation doesn't require identical behavioral expression; diverse cultures pursuing justice reflects shared intrinsic value, not contingent motivation.
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3.
Distinguishing intrinsic motivation requires examining agents' actual reasons for action, not merely observable compliance; many pursue virtue without calculating consequences.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Empirical observation shows people consistently abandon virtuous behavior when consequences become negative, revealing contingent rather than intrinsic motivation.
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2.
If virtue were truly intrinsically motivating, cultural variation in moral codes would be inexplicable; universal motivation transcends social conditioning.
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3.
Intrinsic ends satisfy desires independent of outcomes; virtue often requires sacrifice, suggesting external incentives (reputation, reward) drive pursuit.
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