- Confirmation theory(epistemology (how we know things))
- The study of how evidence supports or proves a scientific theory or claim—basically, what counts as proof that an idea is right.
- Likelihood ratios(in Bayesian probability and philosophy of science)
- A way of comparing how probable two different explanations are for the same piece of evidence—the ratio tells you which explanation the evidence favors more.
- Lipton(as a philosopher whose work is being discussed)
- Peter Lipton is a philosopher who wrote about abduction (inference to the best explanation) and defended it as a legitimate way of reasoning.
- Loveliness(as a factor being examined in confirmation theory)
- In this context, a property or quality that is being tested to see whether it helps make something more probable or believable.
- Lycan(philosopher referenced as originator of theory)
- William Lycan, a philosopher who created another major version of higher-order theory, emphasizing how the brain's higher layers monitor and represent what lower layers are doing.
- Probability-boosting factor(in evaluating evidence and explanations)
- Something that makes an outcome or explanation more likely to be true or correct.
- Ratio formula for conditional probability(in statistics and confirmation theory)
- A mathematical equation that shows how the probability of something being true changes when you learn new information.
- Salmon's confirmation theory(as the theoretical foundation being referenced)
- A philosophical framework created by philosopher Wesley Salmon that explains how evidence confirms or supports scientific theories.