- Externalism(Philosophy of linguistics)
- The view that the forms of actually attested expressions — sentences, phrases, syllables, and systems of such units — are the proper object of linguistic inquiry
- Full information(a hypothetical condition where someone knows everything needed to make a perfect judgment)
- Having complete knowledge of all the relevant facts and evidence about a topic, with nothing hidden or unknown.
- Parfit
- Derek Parfit was a highly influential British philosopher known for revolutionizing how we think about personal identity, morality, and what makes life worth living. He argued that our sense of being a continuous, unified "self" is partly an illusion, and that what really matters is the continuation of our thoughts and experiences, not some invisible thread connecting us through time. His ideas have shaped modern ethics and how philosophers approach questions about identity, responsibility, and how we should treat future generations.
- Scanlon
- # Scanlon
Tim Scanlon is an influential American philosopher known for developing a theory of ethics based on the idea that actions are right if they could be justified to others through principles everyone could reasonably accept. Rather than focusing on happiness or duty, his approach emphasizes what we can defend to each other as fair-minded people, making morality fundamentally about mutual respect and agreement. He's considered one of the most important moral philosophers of our time because his ideas have reshaped how philosophers think about fairness, responsibility, and what we owe to one another.
- desire-based reasons(in ethics and philosophy of motivation)
- Justifications for actions that come from what you want or prefer, rather than from objective rules or facts about what's actually good.
- objective normative standards(in metaethics)
- Rules about what's actually right or wrong that exist independently of what any individual person happens to want or believe.
- principled restriction(in normative ethics)
- A rule or limit that's based on a clear, consistent principle rather than being arbitrary or case-by-case.
- rational reflection(in epistemology and ethics)
- Carefully thinking through your options using logic and reason, rather than just acting on impulse.