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    Even if Parfit/Scanlon endorse objectivity about reasons ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Any principled restriction on desire-based reasons (e.g., requiring full information or rational reflection) smuggles in objective normative standards that externalists like Parfit and Scanlon explicitly endorse.

    Even if Parfit/Scanlon endorse objectivity about reasons generally, they may restrict desire-based reasons using agent-relative criteria that don't require mind-independent values.

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    Key Terms

    Parfit
    Derek Parfit was a highly influential British philosopher known for revolutionizing how we think about personal identity, morality, and what makes life worth living. He argued that our sense of being a continuous, unified "self" is partly an illusion, and that what really matters is the continuation of our thoughts and experiences, not some invisible thread connecting us through time. His ideas have shaped modern ethics and how philosophers approach questions about identity, responsibility, and how we should treat future generations.
    Scanlon
    # Scanlon Tim Scanlon is an influential American philosopher known for developing a theory of ethics based on the idea that actions are right if they could be justified to others through principles everyone could reasonably accept. Rather than focusing on happiness or duty, his approach emphasizes what we can defend to each other as fair-minded people, making morality fundamentally about mutual respect and agreement. He's considered one of the most important moral philosophers of our time because his ideas have reshaped how philosophers think about fairness, responsibility, and what we owe to one another.
    agent-relative criteria(in ethics and normativity)
    Standards for judging something that depend on the particular person involved, rather than applying equally to everyone in the same situation.

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    desire-based reasons(in ethics and philosophy of motivation)
    Justifications for actions that come from what you want or prefer, rather than from objective rules or facts about what's actually good.
    mind-independent values(in metaphysics and axiology (the study of value))
    Things that are genuinely good or valuable whether or not anyone thinks about them or wants them—they exist objectively in the world.
    objectivity about reasons(in ethics and philosophy of action)
    The idea that some reasons for action exist independently of what any individual person wants—they're genuinely true, not just matters of personal preference.

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    Any principled restriction on desire-based reasons (e.g., requiring full informa...

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