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    Aquinas and Molina held that God knows future contingents... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Omniscience does not extend to knowledge of the future.

    Aquinas and Molina held that God knows future contingents through middle knowledge or eternal present, not through temporal foreknowledge.

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    1 reason against

    Reasons For

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    Reason for
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    • 1.God's knowledge must be eternal and non-temporal to avoid divine dependence on created events.
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    • 2.Middle knowledge allows God to know counterfactuals about free creatures without determining their choices.
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    • 3.Temporal foreknowledge logically entails that future events are already actual, undermining libertarian freedom.
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    Reasons Against

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    Reason against
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    • 1.Middle knowledge requires God to know what free creatures would do in infinite counterfactual situations, raising metaphysical puzzles about the grounding of such truths.
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    • 2.The claim that God knows an 'eternal present' is obscure—it's unclear how a tenseless present preserves real knowledge of genuinely contingent futures.
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    • 3.Simple foreknowledge of what will happen is more metaphysically parsimonious than positing middle knowledge as an additional divine mode of knowing.
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    Key Terms

    knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
    Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.

    Connections

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    Divine Attributes1 linked

    Related

    God's knowledge must be eternal and non-temporal to avoid divine dependence on c...Middle knowledge allows God to know counterfactuals about free creatures without...Middle knowledge requires God to know what free creatures would do in infinite c...Omniscience does not extend to knowledge of the future.
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    Simple foreknowledge of what will happen is more metaphysically parsimonious tha...Temporal foreknowledge logically entails that future events are already actual, ...The claim that God knows an 'eternal present' is obscure—it's unclear how a tens...

    Details

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    claim
    Perspectives
    2 (1 for, 1 against)
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    1 edit