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    Aquinas and Scotus both argue that essential predication ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→The necessity required for demonstration applies to all things under the subject on account of what they are.

    Aquinas and Scotus both argue that essential predication admits degrees of necessity, so 'on account of what they are' underdetermines which essentialist claims license demonstration.

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    Key Terms

    Aquinas
    Thomas Aquinas was a medieval Italian priest and philosopher (1225-1274) who became one of the most influential thinkers in Western history. He attempted to show that Christian faith and human reason are compatible, arguing that we can use logic and observation to understand God and the natural world. His ideas deeply shaped Catholic theology and continue to influence how religious and secular institutions think about ethics, knowledge, and the relationship between science and belief.
    Degrees of necessity(as a metaphysical concept about how essential something is)
    The idea that some things can be 'more necessary' or 'less necessary' rather than things being either absolutely required or completely optional.
    Essentialist claims(as a metaphysical concept)
    Statements about what the essential nature or core identity of something is—what makes it what it is at the most fundamental level.
    License demonstration(as an epistemological concept about what can be proven)

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    Provide sufficient grounds or justification for a logical proof or rigorous argument that something must be true.
    On account of what they are(as a technical philosophical phrase)
    A Latin-influenced phrase meaning 'because of their essential nature' or 'by virtue of what something fundamentally is.'
    Scotus(The philosopher whose reasoning is being analyzed)
    A medieval philosopher (John Duns Scotus, 1266-1308) known for his detailed logical arguments about God, free will, and how things exist.
    essential predication(Distinguished from accidental and intentional predication by having quiddities as truth-makers.)
    Predication in which the predicate expresses a definitional or quidditative part of the subject's essence, independent of whether instances of the subject actually exist.
    underdetermines(logic and language)
    Doesn't fully decide or pin down; leaves open multiple possible interpretations because there isn't enough information visible to choose just one.

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    The necessity required for demonstration applies to all things under the subject...

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