Castañeda's work on quasi-indicators shows that first-person and present-time beliefs are irreducibly perspectival and cannot be fully captured by any third-personal propositional content.

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Castañeda(the other philosopher cited supporting this view): Hector-Neri Castañeda was a 20th-century philosopher who developed ideas about how personal perspective shapes knowledge, especially regarding the difference between knowing about something and knowing it from your own viewpoint.
First-person beliefs(describing a type of belief): Beliefs you have about yourself from your own perspective, like 'I am tired' or 'I exist'—as opposed to beliefs about other people or things.
Irreducibly perspectival(describing what first-person and present-time beliefs are): Something that cannot be understood completely without knowing whose viewpoint or perspective it comes from; it's always tied to a particular person's point of view.
Present-time beliefs(describing a type of belief): Beliefs about what is happening right now in this moment, like 'it is raining today'—as opposed to beliefs about the past or future.
Quasi-indicators(Castañeda's key concept): Words or concepts (like 'I' or 'here' or 'now') that point to something different depending on who is using them—they don't have a fixed meaning the way most words do.
Third-personal propositional content(what first-person beliefs cannot be reduced to): Information stated in an objective, outside-observer way (like describing facts in a science textbook) rather than from one person's personal viewpoint.

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