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It is not the case that Classifying heuristics as 'rational' because they are useful conflates instrumental success with epistemic justification.
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Reasons For
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Reason for
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1.
Reliability in producing true beliefs *is* a form of instrumental success; the distinction collapses on inspection.
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2.
Evolutionary and ecological success of heuristics suggests they align beliefs with reality in relevant domains.
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3.
Without some standard linking utility to truth-tracking, we cannot distinguish justified from unjustified heuristics.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Epistemic justification requires beliefs track truth; mere usefulness can produce false beliefs that happen to work.
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2.
A heuristic may succeed instrumentally through luck or because environments reward error in ways unrelated to accuracy.
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3.
Confusing these categories allows poor reasoning methods to escape scrutiny if they achieve practical goals.
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