Contemporary philosophers associate moral responsibility with a unified moral self capable of controlling outcomes.

Smiley (1992) argues that having an intention is neither equivalent to free will nor sufficient to ground the modern notion of moral responsibility (as distinct from its Aristotelian counterpart). Suffice it to point out here that contemporary philosophers who write about collective responsibility place intentionality at the center of their attention and because they have accepted (consciously or unconsciously) the modern notion of moral responsibility, they associate it with a unified moral sel