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It is not the case that Convergence in verdict does not entail convergence in justificatory structure, which is what individuates moral theories.
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Reasons For
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Reason for
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1.
If two theories always converge on verdicts, their justificatory structures are functionally equivalent and thus substantively identical.
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2.
Moral theory individuation should track what matters morally—divergent justifications that reach identical conclusions may be notational variants.
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3.
Without observable difference in verdicts, claims about distinct underlying structures become metaphysical overhead, violating parsimony principles.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Utilitarians and Kantians both condemn torture, but for fundamentally different reasons: consequences vs. categorical duties.
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2.
Two theories with identical verdicts on all cases could derive from incompatible metaphysical commitments about moral reality.
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3.
Justificatory structure determines which new cases a theory can address consistently, so identical current verdicts diverge predictively.
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