Disclaiming authority by presenting oneself as a purely authoritarian ruler acting for personal benefit does not dissolve the moral implications arising from the state's claim to represent its subjects.

Another possible idea in this area is that the state both massively coerces its members but not outsiders and also claims to speak in the name of the members who are coerced. By claiming to speak in our name, the state involves the will of those in whose name it claims to act. The state not only does but must claim to speak in the name of those it coerces; rulers of a state could not avoid the moral implications that flow from this claim by explaining that they are just authoritarian rulers, bos