- Capitalist opposition(The New Deal and welfare programs faced opposition from capitalists who opposed labor protections and social spending.)
- Resistance from wealthy business owners and investors who profit from the current economic system and want to prevent government regulations that might limit their power or profits.
- Disconfirming(as describing what Esping-Andersen's research demonstrates)
- Proving something wrong or showing that a belief is not supported by evidence.
- Empirical
- # Empirical
Empirical means based on real observation, experience, or experiments rather than theory or guessing. When something is empirical, it's proven by actually testing it or seeing it happen in the real world, not just thinking about it logically. For example, empirical evidence might be data collected from a survey or results from a scientific experiment that shows what actually occurs.
- New Deal(Cited as a historical example of labor legislation that happened despite opposition.)
- A series of government programs created in the 1930s during the Great Depression to provide jobs, relief, and economic reforms in the United States.
- Structural determination thesis(The statement is arguing this theory is wrong (disconfirming it) by showing real examples where it didn't hold true.)
- The theory that a society's economic system (like capitalism) completely determines what laws and institutions can exist—implying major social changes are impossible without changing the economy first.
- Welfare state(as the main subject of Esping-Andersen's research)
- A government system that provides social safety nets like healthcare, unemployment benefits, pensions, and education to protect citizens from poverty and hardship.