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    Carmelics

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    Home/Original/inverse
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    Inverse View

    It is not the case that Empirical studies show great apes, corvids, and cetaceans exhibit goal-directed behavior toward represented future states without language.

    ?Set your confidence on the premises below to see your aggregate.

    Reasons For

    1 perspective
    Reason for
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    • 1.Goal-directed behavior may reflect learned stimulus-response patterns or instinctive routines rather than conscious representation of future states.
      ?

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    • 2.We lack direct access to animal cognition; inferring internal mental models from behavior alone commits the attribution problem.
      ?

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    • 3.Language may be necessarily constitutive of genuine future-state representation rather than merely one way to express it.
      ?

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    Reasons Against

    1 perspective
    Reason against
    ?
    • 1.Neuroimaging shows apes and corvids activate prefrontal regions associated with future planning during delay-of-gratification tasks.
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      Think about whether this reason is strong or weak

    • 2.Observed behaviors like tool caching, nest preparation, and route planning demonstrate anticipation of future needs without linguistic instruction.
      ?

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    • 3.These species show flexible adjustment of current actions based on predicted future states, indicating mental representation independent of language.
      ?

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