Feminist movements, women's studies programs, lesbian communities, and alternative communities have produced women as something other than subjected subjects.

Seyla Benhabib (1995), Amy Allen (2008) and Allison Weir (2013) also question equations between identity, law and power. Benhabib distinguishes between a stronger and a weaker version of the claim that identities such as women and gay people are constructions of power (1995, 20). The stronger version insists that subjects are entirely the effects of power, particularly of a compulsory heterosexuality, and that as effects they can only accept their mode of being a subject or try to subvert it fro